9 Apr 2026
Only Russia currently operates a commercial fast breeder reactor. US and France abandoned similar efforts after decades of technical and economic challenges.
India has achieved a historic milestone in its nuclear programme with the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam attaining criticality, marking the start of a self‑sustaining chain reaction.
The PFBR is designed to generate more fuel than it consumes by converting non-fissile material into usable plutonium. It offers a crucial advantage for India, which has limited uranium but abundant thorium reserves.
The 500 MWe reactor uses liquid sodium coolant instead of water and operates at higher temperatures.
Its construction began in 2004. Despite delays, India completed the PFBR with homegrown expertise.
Fast breeders can extend nuclear fuel availability by up to 60–70 times.
India’s long-term plan is:
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (current fleet)
Fast Breeder Reactors
Thorium-based reactors.
The PFBR is the crucial bridge to Stage‑3.
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